
{"id":65,"date":"2021-04-04T12:00:45","date_gmt":"2021-04-04T04:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/?p=65"},"modified":"2025-05-17T21:51:03","modified_gmt":"2025-05-17T13:51:03","slug":"year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/","title":{"rendered":"Year 10 &#8211; Custom CNC Controller Board"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"0-introduction\">Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n<div style=\"min-height: 285px\" class=\"ub_image_slider swiper-container wp-block-ub-image-slider\" id=\"ub_image_slider_2561212a-9052-4467-882f-c8b5049811f7\" data-swiper-data='{\"speed\":300,\"spaceBetween\":20,\"slidesPerView\":3,\"loop\":true,\"pagination\":{\"el\": \".swiper-pagination\" , \"type\": \"bullets\", \"clickable\":true},\"navigation\": {\"nextEl\": \".swiper-button-next\", \"prevEl\": \".swiper-button-prev\"}, \"keyboard\": { \"enabled\": true }, \"effect\": \"slide\"}'>\n            <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/prototype1.png\" alt=\"\" style=\"height: 250px;; \">\n                <figcaption class=\"ub_image_slider_image_caption\"><\/figcaption>\n            <\/figure><figure class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-15.png\" alt=\"\" style=\"height: 250px;; \">\n                <figcaption class=\"ub_image_slider_image_caption\"><\/figcaption>\n            <\/figure><figure class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-10.png\" alt=\"\" style=\"height: 250px;; \">\n                <figcaption class=\"ub_image_slider_image_caption\"><\/figcaption>\n            <\/figure><\/div>\n            <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div> <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Note: <\/strong>This is an archive of my Year 10 Semester 1 STEM Project (2021). The powerpoint slides have been converted to article form. Everything but a few stock photos (so I can give an updated source) remains unchanged from the original presentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For my Year 10 S1 STEM Project, I wanted to expand upon one of my previous years project: the DIY Arduino using an ATMega328P micro-controller IC, and an array of complementary components to allow it to function as an Arduino. In this project, I set out to design an all-in-one, stepper motor driver board using the ULN2003 stepper motor driver ICs. This IC choice was made because I wanted to be able to control the very inexpensive 28BYJ-48 uni-polar stepper motors with very inexpensive driver ICs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I learnt a lot in this project such as circuit reverse engineering, circuit debugging, schematic and PCB design, and it was my first time designing and soldering with SMD components.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ub-table-of-contents-block ub_table-of-contents\" id=\"ub_table-of-contents-48669d7f-e7ba-4ef4-9ae7-4696149d17ec\" data-linktodivider=\"false\" data-showtext=\"show\" data-hidetext=\"hide\" data-scrolltype=\"auto\" data-enablesmoothscroll=\"false\" data-initiallyhideonmobile=\"false\" data-initiallyshow=\"true\"><div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-header-container\" style=\"\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-header\" style=\"text-align: left; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-title\" style=\"\">Table of Contents<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-extra-container\" style=\"\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ub_table-of-contents-container ub_table-of-contents-1-column \">\n\t\t\t\t<ul style=\"\"><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/#0-introduction\" style=\"\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/#1-presentation\" style=\"\">Presentation<\/a><ul><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/#3-the-idea-\" style=\"\">The Idea<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/#4-research-\" style=\"\">Research<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/#5-creating-the-first-prototype-\" style=\"\">Creating the First Prototype<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/#6-about-stepper-motors-\" style=\"\">About Stepper Motors<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/#7-creating-the-first-prototype-\" style=\"\">Creating the First Prototype<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/#8-issues-with-first-prototype-\" style=\"\">Issues with First Prototype<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/#9-fixing-these-issues-second-prototype-\" style=\"\">Fixing these issues &#8211; Second Prototype<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/#10-second-prototype-\" style=\"\">Second Prototype<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/#11-testing-the-second-prototype-\" style=\"\">Testing the Second Prototype<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/#12-skills-i-learnt-\" style=\"\">Skills I learnt<\/a><\/li><li style=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/#13-things-i-could-improve-\" style=\"\">Things I could improve<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-presentation\">Presentation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-stepper-motor-controller-board-for-cnc-applications\">Stepper Motor Controller Board for CNC applications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-the-idea-\"><strong>The Idea<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A CNC control board is a piece of hardware that enables a computer to interface with stepper motors. I\u2019d like to build an all in one board for controlling a specific type of cheap stepper motors to remove the need for separate controllers for each motor and a separate Arduino board.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A stepper motor is a motor designed for moving precise distances\/turning a precise amount. This is possible because you can tell the stepper motor to move a number of steps which equates to a distance in real life. However, stepper motors need dedicated driver boards to control them as they have multiple coils that need to be powered in a specific pattern to create movement. That is why a board is required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What is it:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Hardware used to control stepper motors<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Can be controlled by plugging into a computer<br>&nbsp;or adding an SD Card Module.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Stepper Motors:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Used for turning a precise amount.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022<strong> <\/strong>Can\u2019t just be powered from a battery like<br>&nbsp;the usual DC motors (this is why it needs a<br>&nbsp;controller board).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/stepper_motor_bipolar_200_steps_rev_35x36mm_2.7v_1_a_phase__pololu_1209__00.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-66\" style=\"aspect-ratio:3\/2;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/stepper_motor_bipolar_200_steps_rev_35x36mm_2.7v_1_a_phase__pololu_1209__00.jpg 700w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/stepper_motor_bipolar_200_steps_rev_35x36mm_2.7v_1_a_phase__pololu_1209__00-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/stepper_motor_bipolar_200_steps_rev_35x36mm_2.7v_1_a_phase__pololu_1209__00-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 1. <\/strong>Most common model range of stepper motors: NEMA. Higher torque but expensive compared to the other type<br>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/core-electronics.com.au\/stepper-motor-bipolar-200-steps-rev-35-36mm-2-7v-1-a-phase.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/core-electronics.com.au\/stepper-motor-bipolar-200-steps-rev-35-36mm-2-7v-1-a-phase.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">core-electronics<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"380\" height=\"285\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CE08640-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-67\" style=\"aspect-ratio:3\/2;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CE08640-2.jpg 380w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CE08640-2-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 2. <\/strong>The cheaper stepper motor type I\u2019m designing my board for (28BYJ-48 \u2013 5v model). Much smaller.<br>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/core-electronics.com.au\/5v-geared-stepper-motor.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/core-electronics.com.au\/5v-geared-stepper-motor.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">core-electronics<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-research-\"><strong>Research<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before I started designing, I had to figure out the different stages of communication that had to occur between different parts:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"744\" height=\"340\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-68\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image.png 744w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-300x137.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 3. <\/strong>Flow Chart of control chain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"544\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-69\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-1.png 544w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-1-300x224.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 544px) 100vw, 544px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"544\" height=\"410\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-70\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-2.png 544w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-2-300x226.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 544px) 100vw, 544px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 4. <\/strong>Other commercially available stepper motor driver boards that I\u2019ve used in the past:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-creating-the-first-prototype-\"><strong>Creating the First Prototype<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The design process was the longest process of this project as many different iterations had to be made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Creating the first prototype first involved creating the schematic (drawing of the circuit).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"572\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-71\" style=\"width:740px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-3.png 740w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-3-300x232.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 5. <\/strong>The Schematic of the Controller Board drawn up in EAGLE<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-about-stepper-motors-\"><strong>About Stepper Motors<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stepper motors are DC motors that move in discrete steps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They have multiple coils that are organized in groups called &#8220;phases&#8221;. By energizing each phase in sequence, the motor will rotate, one step at a time. With a computer controlled stepping you can achieve very precise positioning and\/or speed control. For this reason, stepper motors are used in machines such as 3D printers and CNC mills.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"435\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-72\" style=\"width:438px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-4.png 700w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-4-300x186.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 6. <\/strong>The inside of a stepper motor.<br>Source: I cannot recall if I made these annotations in the photo or not, but the stock image is from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pololu.com\/product-info-merged\/2268\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.pololu.com\/product-info-merged\/2268\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pololu<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-creating-the-first-prototype-\"><strong>Creating the First Prototype<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The next stage was laying out these components from the schematic on a board file which is used to order the final PCB.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"577\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-73\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-5.png 577w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-5-300x234.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 577px) 100vw, 577px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 7. <\/strong>The first PCB prototype<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When the PCB and components arrived, I soldered everything onto the board.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"763\" height=\"292\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-74\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-6.png 763w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-6-300x115.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 763px) 100vw, 763px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 8. <\/strong>Soldering the ULN2003 SMD ICs onto the custom PCB<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"763\" height=\"287\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-75\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-7.png 763w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-7-300x113.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 763px) 100vw, 763px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 9. <\/strong>The finished prototype<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-issues-with-first-prototype-\"><strong>Issues with First Prototype<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Important Issues to fix:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No communication between CH340G and ATMega328P (RX and TX flipped)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No power to ATMega328P (forgot to connect to net)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Net Classes weren\u2019t allocated to traces + forgot ground plane<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Forgot to add decoupling capacitors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Less Important but I still wanted to fix:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Poor Layout: Was hard to remove ATMega328p from socket once inserted due to arrangement of components<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9-fixing-these-issues-second-prototype-\"><strong>Fixing these issues &#8211; Second Prototype<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To fix these issues, I first deleted the board file and then fixed everything in the schematic. Some additions I made: RX and TX indicator LEDs, Sockets connected to the pins of the AtMega for debugging purposes (and potentially add-ons).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"559\" height=\"436\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-9.png 559w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-9-300x234.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 559px) 100vw, 559px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 10. <\/strong>Updated schematic with fixes highlighted<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-11.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-79\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-11.png 480w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-11-258x300.png 258w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 11. <\/strong>EAGLE PCB Design<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"475\" height=\"560\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-12.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-12.png 475w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-12-254x300.png 254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 12. <\/strong>JLC PCB Top Layer Render<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"10-second-prototype-\"><strong>Second Prototype<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once I had ordered the new PCB, I again assembled everything.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"304\" height=\"274\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-15.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-84\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-15.png 304w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-15-300x270.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 304px) 100vw, 304px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 13. <\/strong>The second prototype fully soldered and assembled.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then I powered it up and attempted to flash the GRBL firmware via the Arduino IDE which succeeded meaning the issues (so far) have been fixed:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"748\" height=\"139\" src=\"https:\/\/www.darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-14.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-83\" srcset=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-14.png 748w, https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/image-14-300x56.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 748px) 100vw, 748px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 14.<\/strong> The successful Arduino IDE output after flashing the GRBL firmware to the board.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"11-testing-the-second-prototype-\"><strong>Testing the Second Prototype<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Test of custom 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor Driver Board\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DFWiY6s5qyE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"12-skills-i-learnt-\"><strong>Skills I learnt<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A better understanding of how different simple components interact with each other (e.g. how to add decoupling capacitors and why they\u2019re important.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A better understanding of the building blocks of microcontrollers (USB-Serial, Main IC, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How to design schematics and PCB\u2019s (boards) in Eagle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How to solder SMD components (ICs &amp; LEDs)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"13-things-i-could-improve-\"><strong>Things I could improve<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Improve the power regulation (find a different strategy to increase efficiency and<br>&nbsp;decrease heat production)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Make it easier to use \u2013 decrease the amount of software configuration required<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Add a few more inputs \u2013 Limit Switches, Probe, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Add a 4<sup>th<\/sup> (and potentially 5<sup>th<\/sup>) driver for capacity of 2 extra motors (Ramps1.4 has support for 5 total steppers).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For my Year 10 S1 STEM Project, I wanted to expand upon one of my previous years project: the DIY Arduino using an ATMega328P micro-controller IC, and an array of complementary components to allow it to function as an Arduino. In this project, I set out to design an all-in-one, stepper motor driver board using the ULN2003 stepper motor driver ICs. This IC choice was made because I wanted to be able to control the very inexpensive 28BYJ-48 uni-polar stepper motors with very inexpensive driver ICs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":85,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[12,7,9,13,10,11,8],"class_list":["post-65","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-early-work","tag-arduino","tag-early-work","tag-electronics","tag-microcontrollers","tag-pcb-design","tag-stepper-motors","tag-year-10"],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/prototype1.png","author_info":{"display_name":"Darcy","author_link":"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/author\/darcy\/"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Year 10 - Custom CNC Controller Board - DarcyJProjects<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this project, I set out to design an all-in-one, stepper motor driver board using the ULN2003 stepper motor driver ICs.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Year 10 - Custom CNC Controller Board - DarcyJProjects\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In this project, I set out to design an all-in-one, stepper motor driver board using the ULN2003 stepper motor driver ICs.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/index.php\/2021\/04\/04\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"DarcyJProjects\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-04-04T04:00:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-05-17T13:51:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/darcyjprojects.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/prototype1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"569\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"424\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Darcy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Darcy\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/darcyjprojects.xyz\\\/index.php\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/04\\\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/darcyjprojects.xyz\\\/index.php\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/04\\\/year-10-custom-cnc-controller-board\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Darcy\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/darcyjprojects.xyz\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/306f478e105fad9940b45593ae5fb6e2\"},\"headline\":\"Year 10 &#8211; 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